Essay on Pollution in The Bahamas - 1640 Words

Evo Morales stated, â€Å"Sooner or later, we will have to recognize that the Earth has rights too, to live without pollution. What mankind must know is that human beings cannot live without Mother Earth, but the planet can live without humans† (Pollution Quotes, 2013). Hence, attention must be provided to this devastating issue. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse changes (Wieman, 2013). There are numerous types of pollution, such as light, air, land, water, noise, thermal and radioactive pollution. In an article, the author highlighted that according to Richard Buckminster Fuller, â€Å"Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting, we allow them to disperse because we’ve†¦show more content†¦There are numerous types of pollution, but due to the activities mention above, The Bahamas has three majors’ well-known types of pollution, which are land, water and air. The Bahamas has f ace land pollution due to the Bahamian littering, water pollution due to the recent oil spills, and sewage, and air pollution mainly by burning of fossil fuel and exhaust from cruise ships and cars. Land Pollution Firstly, land pollution is the contamination of the soil that prevents natural growth and balance in the land whether it is used for cultivation, habitation, or a wildlife preserve (Nathanson, 2013, para. 1). Some land pollution, such as the creation of landfills, is deliberate, while much more is accidental and can have widespread effects. Land pollution are cause by hazardous waste and sewage spills, non-sustainable farming practices such as the heavy use of inorganic pesticides, household dumping and littering, industrial factories, overcrowded landfills and construction debris (Mayntz, 2006). Land pollution can have an effect on human, water, soil and animals. Land pollution can also have effects on human respiratory system, problems on the skin and can cause various kinds of cancers. Land pollution can cause very bad smell and odor in the area, breed rodents like rats, mice and insects, who in-turn transmit diseases, and land pollution can prevent touristsShow MoreRelatedAdvanta ges Disadvantages of Tourism821 Words   |  4 Pagesdollars are floating in the Bahamian economy easily. iii) Foreign Exchange allows for the easy importation of goods and food. 2. Tourism provides jobs for thousands of Bahamians both directly and indirectly. If tourists do not come to the Bahamas, those persons directly involved in tourism for example, the straw vendors, the taxi drivers, retail storeowners etc., could be unable to pay their bills. If they are unable to make money they could be unable to pay their landlords, their mortgagesRead MoreNoise Pollution : An Underrated Environmental Pollution Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesYuemeng Ma ENVS*1030 Oct 7, 2016 Noise Pollution: An Underrated Environmental Pollution In April of 2011, WHO and the European Union Cooperative Research Center published a comprehensive report on the impact of noise on human health, Burden of disease from environmental noise. This is the most comprehensive study of noise pollution in recent years. Noise pollution is not only annoying, poor sleep, but also can trigger heart disease, learning disabilities and tinnitus and other diseases, but alsoRead MoreSylvia Earle, Explorer for National Geographic923 Words   |  4 Pages1966. Sylvia was very involved after getting her master’s degree. In 1965 she took the position of resident director of Cape Haze Marine Laboratories that is located in Sarasota, Florida. In 1968, she joined a team of scientists that worked in the Bahamas, where she experimented with the first modern underwater vessel that was called Deep Diver. The underwater vessel or a submersible allowed her to explore and study the depths of the deep water plants along the ocean cliff called the Tongue of theRead MoreLifeboat Ethics By Walter Benjamin794 Words   |  4 Pageson his essay Lifeboat Ethics. In this essay I am going to compare and contrast some of the similarities and differences between Hardin and Benjamin’s essays about the aid the United States provides to poor nations all over the world by reducing pollution, controlling population growth, and the dependency of economical imports and exports. Both gentlemen believe that we as a nation, instead of giving money, should be improving agriculture in the poor nations. In the 1940s, scientist Norman BorlaugRead MoreEssay about Life in the Colombian Cocain Trade1696 Words   |  7 Pagesthat goes on in the Andean jungle is damaging the health of the environment in the region. The main threats to the environment are deforestation caused by clearing the fields for cultivation, soil erosion caused by several factors, and chemical pollution from insecticides and fertilizers. The process of mixing coca and poppy into cocaine and heroine has devastating effects on the environment as well. These environmental issues are difficult to address due to coca being a traditional crop and tradeRead MoreHuman Impact on the Coastal Landscape3602 Words   |  15 Pagescrustaceans, fishes and other wild life that depend on it for survival. Humans are the guardians of coastal landscapes, and they have affected them both positively and negatively. Some of the ways that they have impacted the landscape is by dredging, pollution, constructing buildings, land reclamation, creating beaches, planting exotic vegetations and trees, erecting sea walls, and by destroying natural habitats of wild life. Therefore, understanding what a coastal landscape is and how humans have influencedRead MoreNoise Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst-hand noise pollution, while this may not seem like a big deal but noise pollution is becoming an increasing problem in cities and especially in urban areas. The textbook definition of noise pollution is any sound that is commonly considered to cause annoying, distracting or harmful effects on the people around some common examples of this is the noise in industrial factories or the noise from an airplane taking off. You might be thinking that aside from being an annoyance that noise pollution presentsRead MoreThe Total Contribution Of Travel And Tourism Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesand sound operating partnership networks; in order to add social and economic value, for the benefit of the Region† (Regional Digital Development Strategy (RDDS) 2010-14, 2011). The countries included in the RDDS plan are Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago (Regional Digital Development Strategy (RDDS) 2010-14, 2011). SomeRead More Hurricane Andrew Essay595 Words   |  3 Pagessoutheast Florida. The damage to Louisiana is estimated at $1 billion. Damage in the Bahamas has been estimated at quarter of a billion. Damage in the Gulf of Mexico is preliminarily estimated at half a billion. Ocean Oil reported the following in the Gulf of Mexico: 13 toppled platforms, five leaning platforms, 21 toppled satellites, 23 leaning satellites, 104 incidents of structural damage, seven incidents of pollution, two fires, and five drilling wells blown off location. Andrew whipped up powerfulRead MoreHuman Overpopulation And Its Effects On Coral Reefs1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthey are environmentally capable of preventing, humans have begun their attempts to rejuvenate these diminishing wonders of the ocean. Human overpopulation has spread coral bleaching across the reef ecosystems. Due to human overpopulation, the pollution and overexploitation of coral reefs has increased dramatically. Director Jason Buchheim has been studying coral reefs alongside other marine biologists at the Odyssey Expeditions- Marine Biology Learning Center and reports in â€Å"Coral Reef Bleaching†

Music industry free essay sample

People listen to music for a variety of reasons. Some listen to music to relax in which It serves as a sort of escape from everyday life. Some because they are a fan and follow a certain artist, and others because they can relate the lyrics to their own personal experiences. Whichever the case may be, music has and continues to serve an important role in peoples lives. Music has been circulating the air across many cultures for centuries; however, In the last 50 years, the music Industry has become an important global industry and an vital area for economic activity on many geographic scales (com. 5). Over the years, music consumption has grown and spread across many areas. Music consumption has become more of less. This contradictory idea alludes to the fact that Individuals are listening to music of many different artists rather than to an entire album by a singular artist. L It argues that increased revenues from live concerts can be attributed to a steep increase in ticket prices and not to the increase in volume of tickets sold Landfall, 2011, Para. 2).Revenue from brand merchandising is limited to renowned artists and cannot be considered for all artists alike (Landfall, 2011, Para. 5). Music piracy is detrimental to the growth of new artists as declining sales shrink record companies budgets to invest in new artists. Tunes negatively affect the industry by allowing handpicking of tracks and this alone cannot stop piracy as it depends on the perceived social acceptability of piracy (Tunes wont put an end to piracy, 2012, Para. . References Anonymous (2010, October 9). Having a ball; whats working in music.

music ap Essay Example

music ap Paper The relative highness or lowness of a sound is called pitch Dynamics in music refers to how loud or soft A symphonic band consists mainly of brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments Symphonic bands differ from symphonic orchestras in that they do not contain a string section The saxophone is a single reed woodwind instrument Which of the following is not a double reed instrument? clarinet The ______ is similar in shape to the trumpet, but its tone is more mellow. cornet A dissonance is a combination of tones that is considered unstable and tense The central tone around which a musical composition is organized is called the tonic Modulation refers to a shift from one key to another within the same composition the dark ages in europe began about 450 with the disintegration of the Roman Empire The church frowned on instruments because of their earlier role in pagan rites most midieval music was gregorian chant In the Middle Ages the organ gradually evolved into a flexible instrument that could play intricate polyphonic music The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries by French nobles called troubadours and trouvà ¨res The French secular songs of the Middle Ages usually dealt with love, spinning, crusades Which of the following statements is not true of secular music in the Middle Ages? The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were accordingly ranked on a high social level. The melody added to the Gregorian chant to form organum around 1100 was usually ______________ the original chant. more indipened and slower A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony is known as cantus firmus Secular music in the fourteenth century became more important than sacred music was not based on Gregorian chant included drinking songs and pieces in which bird calls, dog barks, and hunting shouts were imitated Which of the following statements is not true of Renaissance music? Instrumental music became more important than vocal music during the Renaissance. The texture of Renaissance music is chiefly polyphonic A cappella refers to unaccompanied choral music WRONG Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrinas career centered in Florence training, like Josquins, was in Flanders music includes 104 masses and some 450 other sacred works Which of the following composers is not an important madrigalist? Josquin Desprez The Renaissance ballett is a dancelike song for several solo voices Terpsichore, a collection of over 300 dance tunes, was arranged for instrumental ensemble by Michael Praetorius The ____________ is a stately dance in duple meter similar to the pavane. passamezzo Which of the following is not true of Venice in the sixteenth century? It was a part of the Papal States on the northeastern coast of Italy. wrong Which of the following statements is not true? St. Marks Cathedral in Venice employed up to twenty instrumentalists and thirty singers for grand ceremonies. The word baroque has at various times meant all of the following except naturalistic Baroque painters exploited their materials to expand the potential of ____________ to create totally structured worlds. color ornament and detail depth The early baroque was characterized by homophonic texture The solo instruments in Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the ____________, violin, and harpsichord. flute In many fugues, the subject in one voice is constantly accompanied in another voice by a different melodic idea called a(n) countersubject Turning the subject of a fugue upside down, or reversing the direction of each interval, is called inversion Bachs personal musical style was drawn from Italian concertos French dance pieces German church music A collection of compositions that displays all the resources of fugue writing is Johann Sebastian Bachs Art of the Fugue Although all the movements of a baroque suite are in the same key, they differ in meter national origin tempo The ____________ is an instrumental composition based on a chorale. chorale prelude A symphony is a sonata for orchestra The double bass in the classical orchestra, as in Mozarts Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, usually doubles the cello part an octave lower Typical in classical music, the string bass part in Mozarts Eine Kleine Nachtmusik sounds an octave lower than the cello part The usual order of movements in a classical symphony is fast, slow, dance-related, fast A classical concerto is a three-movement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra The most important form of classical chamber music is the string quirtet The piano trio is a musical composition for violin, cello, and piano Haydn was fortunate in having a long and fruitful, as well as financially stable relationship with the noble Hungarian family of Esterhà ¡zy Haydn was a prolific composer, as demonstrated in part by his 68 string quartets and 104 symphonies Which of the following statements is not true? The finale of Beethovens Ninth Symphony is based on Schillers poem about human brotherhood, Ode to Joy. Beethoven opened new realms of musical expression that profoundly influenced composers throughout the nineteenth century. Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven was most successful financially when in the service of the aristocracy. In the finale of his Ninth Symphony, Beethoven took the unprecedented step of using a chorus and four solo vocalists. Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven was most successful financially when in the service of the aristocracy. Drawing creative inspiration from cultures of lands foreign to the composer is known as exoticism A romantic composer who earned his living as a touring virtuoso was Franz Liszt The German composers of art songs favored, among others, the lyric poetry of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Heinrich Heine Robert Schumanns works are intensly autobiographical. usually linked with descriptive titles, texts, or programs. essentially lyrical in nature. Liszt created the ______________, a one-movement orchestral composition based to some extent on a literary or pictorial idea. symphonic poem Besides his musical achievements, Mendelssohn was a talented painter brilliant conversationalist in four languages fine writer Instrumental music endowed with literary or pictorial associations is called _______ music. program Tchaikovsky participated as a conductor in a concert inaugurating Carnegie Hall in New York The German master _____________ recommended DvoYà ¡ks music to his own publisher, resulting in a rapid spread of DvoYà ¡ks fame. Johannes Brahms The librettos to The Ring of the Nibelung were written by Wagner himself Striking a group of adjacent keys on a piano with the fist or forearm will result in a tone cluster Which of the following is not characteristic of neoclassicism? misty atmosphere Neoclassical composers modeled many of their works after the compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach Sergei Diaghilev was the director of the Russian Ballet In the 1950s Stravinsky dramatically changed his style, drawing inspiration from Anton Webern Schoenbergs third period, in which he developed the twelve-tone system, began around 1921 Which of the following statements regarding Alban Berg is untrue? He composed a great quantity of music in all forms. Weberns Five Pieces for Orchestra are scored for chamber orchestra of eighteen soloists Porgy and Bess is a(n) opera In 1921 Copland went to France, where he was the first American to study composition with Nadia Boulanger A jazz sound results from its variety of pitch inflections the type of vibrato employed the particular way tones are attacked and released Which of the following statements is not true? Jazz is generally played by a small combo of three to eight players, or by a big band of ten to fifteen. Jazz can be described generally as music rooted in improvisation and characterized by syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and distinctive tone colors and techniques of performance. Jazz can be notated as easily as any other musical form. Some jazz improvisations are based not on a melody but on a harmonic pattern, or series of chords. Jazz can be notated as easily as any other musical form. treemonisha is a(n) _______________ by Scott Joplin. opera The king of ragtime is acknowledged to be Scott Joplin The poetic and musical form of the blues was popularized in the early years of the twentieth century through the publication of Memphis Blues and St. Louis Blues, composed by William C. Handy The blues usually follow a 12-bar pattern as a basis for improvisation can be happy or sad, fast or slow may be vocal or instrumental Vocal blues often contain sexual references are intensely personal deal with the pain of betrayal, desertion, and unrequited love New Orleans style Dixieland flourished in the United States from 1900 to 1917 The typical form of a swing composition is 32 bar aaba One of the leading figures in the history of jazz, and the composer of such compositions as Black, Brown, and Beige and Sophisticated Lady, is duke ellington which of the following statements not true? Operetta, or comic opera, combines song, spoken dialogue, and dance, with sophisticated musical techniques. The main section of a musical comedy song is called the verse. The sources of the American musical include operetta, vaudeville, and the revue. A musical comedy aims to entertain through fusion of a dramatic script, acting, and spoken dialogue with music, singing, and dancing and with scenery, costumes, and spectacle. The main section of a musical comedy song is called the verse. Revues in the first decades of the twentieth century featured pretty, scantily clad young women who sang and danced featured comedians who performed sketches were often satirical Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, the ballet used in the climax of On Your Toes, was choreographed by George Balanchine Which of the following American musicals is not by Stephen Sondheim? of thee i sing Which of the following statements is not true of Leonard Bernsteins music? It is frequently atonal. Which of the following is not a function of film music? provide songs for the actors to sing Movie soundtracks can contain original music and previously existing compositions Since the 1960s most film music is composed by freelance composers During the last few years, moviegoers have taken a greater interest in film music A folk-like, guitar-based style associated with rural white Americans is known as country and western Which of the following was not among the leading performers of rhythm and blues in the 1950s? Aretha Franklin Chuck Berry Little Richard Bo Diddley Aretha Franklin Which of the following statements is not true? During the 1960s, the popular music scene was basically confined to the English form of rock. The Supremes and Stevie Wonder were among the many Motown stars. A new era in rock history began in 1964 with the American tour of the Beatles, an English group. The rhythm and blues of the 1950s differed from earlier blues in its more powerful beat and its use of the saxophone and electric guitar. During the 1960s, the popular music scene was basically confined to the English form of rock. Many of the bands in the second British invasion (1980s) used electronic technology and often featured outlandish costumes An important trend of the 1980s was world music A method of singing used by males to reach notes higher than their normal range is called falsetto The Beatles were influenced by many different styles, but not by Motown Which of these recordings can be considered a unified song cycle? Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band Name two of the four properties of musical sound. pitch dynamics Define p and f. p piano f forte Name three string instruments. violin, guitar, banjo Name three woodwind instruments. flute and saxaphone, trumpet Name two brass instruments. cornet, horn Name two percussion instruments. triangle, bass drum Name one of the two giants of Baroque composition. handel, bach Name one of the three Classical composers. bethoven In the Romantic Era, more music was written for what particular instrument? piano Name any two 20th Century composers. duke ellington, john cage

The R in Colonel

The R in Colonel The R in Colonel The R in Colonel By Maeve Maddox A reader comments, I’ve often wondered where the â€Å"r† sound came from in colonel. I’m certain, in the original French, both Ls were pronounced as Ls–what happened? Colonel is the spelling in modern French, but when the word entered English in the 16th century, the French were spelling it coronel or coronnel. The first â€Å"l† had become an â€Å"r† sound by way of dissimilation. dissimilation:   a. Philology. The differentiation of two similar or identical sounds occurring near each other in a word, by change of one of them. An example is Latin peregrinus, which became pelegrino in Italian. Dissimilation is also at work in the way many speakers pronounce February as FEB-yoo-ER-ee. (A pronunciation, by the way, that Charles Elster finds â€Å"beastly.†) Colonel derives from Latin columella, â€Å"a little column.† At some point, the first â€Å"l† became an â€Å"r,† and the word became established in French as coronel. The coronel was the officer who led the â€Å"little column† of troops at the head of a regiment. By the end of the 16th century, the more etymologically correct spelling colonnel displaced coronel in French literary use. The spelling colonel appeared in English about 1580. For a time, both spellings existed side by side in English; the coronel spelling prevailed in writing until 1630, but by 1650, colonel had pushed out coronel. The pronunciation of colonel also went through changes. In the 17th century, colonel was trisyllabic in English, as it still is in French. By 1669, it began to be pronounced with two syllables, â€Å"col’nel.† Apparently many speakers were also pronouncing it as â€Å"ker’nel,† because that is the pronunciation that has survived. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†Round vs. AroundWord Count and Book Length

Marketing management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing management - Case Study Example This product will offer an opportunity for people to be able to share the ice cream with dogs. Strategy The main strategy is to ensure that the ice cream is available in the market at ease. This will create customer loyalty towards the product. In addition, diversification of the product will reduce risks that might affect one product. It will also help to attract different customers who have different tastes of products. Another strategy is ensuring that the product satisfy the expectations of the customers. This will enable the product to remain competitive in the market. Tactics In order to get adequate profits from the market, the marketer will be expected to use different sales persons in order to reach customers from various regions. In addition, the cream will merge with ++++ ice cream parlour in the Bullring. This tactic will reduce the cost of distributing the cream. Once the product penetrates the market, it will become easier for the producer to distribute the product on i ts own. This tactic will also be able to reduce the price of the commodity in the market. This is because merging will help in lowering the breakeven price of the commodity therefore, creating a larger profit margin. Lower price of the product will therefore; attract customers who will be willing to test the product. Intense advertisement will also be a tactic that will play a major role in ensuring that the product penetrates the market. ... According to the data collected, the best way to segment the market the market is through the use of age and gender. In Birmingham city, women purchase dog food more than their men counterparts. As a result, they are to be the main target customers. Women are also associated with high consumption of chocolates. This behaviour will make these chocolates have an upper hand in the market as they can serve two purposes. Market can also be segmented through age. Old people mainly look for companionship from dogs. As a result, targeting these people to be potential buyers will be an important aspect that would increase the overall profits. This will be achieved through producing creams that are fit for old people i.e. not so sugary. In addition, advertisement of these creams should be targeting the old people. Location of the people is another tool to be used in segmenting the market. This involves pricing of the product according to geographical location and the level of competition in th at region. Customers who are near the source of the product will have an opportunity to purchase the product at a lower cost as the cost of distributing the product is low. In addition, market that is saturated with competitors will require price segmentation in order to attract customers to purchase the product. Use of price as a tool of segmentation should be well calculated. This is because many customers especially in Birmingham believe that cheap products are of low quality. Another method that will be used to segment the market is through product differentiation. This involves branding the products to make them unique. This will be important as the customers will be able to identify the product

Future of Food Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future of Food Supply Chain - Essay Example n will collect more information and data from their suppliers, including the farmers, so that they can serve the internal demands related to risk assessment, strategic decision-making and the monitoring of progress towards future-looking targets (Mattoo, Mishra and Narain 56). The forces shaping the food supply chain, which will greatly influence the systems of the future, include dependency on ecosystem services, forest footprinting, and the production of greenhouse gases – irrespective of the fact that the different players within the supply chain will employ their methodologies across the varied business areas (Marsden, Banks and Bristow 426-427). Some of the companies that have been acting in ways that are similar to the outlook of the future food supply chain include LEAF and Landcare as well as commercial players like Unilever; these companies have been gathering information about the sustainable nature of their supply chains, which has helped them to make strategic deci sions (Fafchamps, Vargas-Hill and Minten 257). Farmers will need the information required to support the changes that will make their production more attractive in the market. Further, the end consumer will exercise more control over the production systems and the technologies of the producer, due to changes in preferences and lifestyles – among them the increasing demand for organic foods. The power of farmer groups and Land-management The flow of knowledge, on itself is not sufficient to ensure hat farmers and other players within the supply chain improve their output, efficiency in the use of resources and quality (Marsden, Banks and Bristow 426-427). Regulatory, cultural and organizational changes will become more necessary, in fostering the implementation and the maintenance of positive... This report approves that the future of the business of farmers will represent the outlook of the Farmer Field school movement, which offers training to farmers and allows them to experiment on their own farms, and then group together to chart the way forward for their farming outlook. Through the grouping of farmers into groups, there will be a more strategic realization of strategic partnerships between them and the companies that consume their produce. One example of such a strategic partnership is that of Unilever and its suppliers – the company has strategically positioned itself with the primary processor suppliers. Some agencies that are already studying the system applied to agriculture and their impacts include LCA. Irrespective of the fact that innovation in agriculture is difficult, the future outlook of the members of the supply chain will be more conscious of the changes of land use required.The different areas that will be explored at greater depths include food safety, water footprinting, social impacts, biodiversity, and legality. This essay makes a conclusion that world business and economics are changing swiftly, and that is calling for the constant improvement of the food supply chain. The changes anticipated in the future supply chain include improvements in information and knowledge flow, the increasing command of farmer groups and Land-management and innovating according to market needs. Many of the supply chain changes anticipated for the future are evident from the business of Wal-Mart, which uses IT to monitor its supply chain from the store to the farm.

Tourism Demand and Expenditure

Tourism Demand and Expenditure Panel data analysis has appeared in tourism demand research (Eilat and Einav, 2004; Garin-Munoz, 2007; and Naude and Saayman, 2005). The panel data models that were used in the literature are pooled logit regression, the generalized method of moments (GMM) procedure of Arellano and Bond (1991), generalised least squares (GLS) panel data regressions, and ordinary least square (OLS) panel data regressions (which comprise of fixed and random effects models). Panel data analysis has some advantages over the time series econometric models. It incorporates much richer information from both time series and cross sectional data. This approach also reduces the problem of multicollinearity and provides more degrees of freedom in the model estimation. Therefore, it is suitable for forecasting the demand for tourism when the time series for all variables are shorter, and cross-sectional information on these variable are also available. In spite of its advantages, the panel data approach has rare ly been applied to tourism demand analysis. Four exceptions are found in the post-2000 literature. Ledesma-Rodrà ­guez and Navarro-Ibà ¡nez (2001) used the panel data method to model the demand for Tenerife tourism and established both static and dynamic panel models. In addition, Naudà © and Saayman (2005) and Roget and Gonzà ¡lez (2006) both employed the same panel data approach to examine demand for tourism in 43 African countries and the demand for rural tourism in Galicia, Spain, respectively. Dependent variable Selecting a suit variable for dependent variable in tourism demand model is important. Gang le et al (2006) in a study as: Recent Developments in Econometric Modeling and Forecasting with comparing tourism demand models indicates that Compared to tourism demand studies prior to 1990, the measures of tourism demand have not changed much. Tourist arrivals were still the most common measure in the last decade, followed by the tourist expenditure. In particular, tourist expenditure, in the form of either absolute values or budget shares, is required by the specification of demand system models, such as the linear expenditure system (LES) and the AIDS. Compared with the tourism literature before 1990, recent studies pay more attention to disaggregated tourism markets by travel purpose (for example, Morley 1998; Turner et al 1998; Turner and Witt 2001a). Amongst various market segments, leisure tourism attracted the most research attention. 12 studies focused on this particular tourism mar ket (for example, Ashworth and Johnson 1990; Kulendran and Witt 2003b; Song, Romilly, and Liu 2000; Song, Witt, and Li 2003). Different market segments are associated with different influencing factors and varying decision-making processes. Therefore, studies at disaggregated levels give more precise insights into the features of the particular market segments. As a result, more specific and accurate information can be provided to develop efficient marketing strategies. Explanatory Variables Based on the tourism economic theory the arrival of tourist is an encouraging factor for another person that will be travelling to a certain destination. Therefore whatever the number of tourists arrival in the current year in a certain destination then, may be the tourist would come back to this country next year if they have had a good experience from that particular destination. In the other hand, the information about the destination extends as people share their holiday experiences with relatives and friends; therefore it can decrease the rate of uncertainty for potential visitors to that destination. According to Song, (song et al., 2003) the number of people choosing a certain destination in any year depends on the number of people that chose it in the past years. There are many studies that used the lagged dependent variable to explain the tourism demand. For example habibi(2009), Witt and Martin (1987), Fujii and Mak (1981), Garin-Munoz (2007), Garin-Munoz and Martin Montero (2007). Garin-Munoz (2007) discussed the justifications of including a lagged dependent variable in tourism demand models. Two possible justifications are provided. Firstly, there is less uncertainty associated with holidaying in a country that you are already familiar with, compared with travelling to a previously unvisited foreign country, also tourism is generally risk averse and may feel more comfortable in choosing the same previous destination country. Secondly, knowledge about the destination extends as people talk about their holiday, thus reducing the uncertainty for potential visitors to that destination. Own price: The appropriate form of the price variable is by no means clear. In the case of tourism there are two elements of price: the cost of travel to the destination; and the cost of living for the tourist in the destination. Although the theoretical justification for including transportcost as a demand determinant does not appear to be disputed, many authors exclude this variable from the set of explanatory variables on the grounds of potential multicollinearity problems and lack of data availability. (In fact, multicollinearity need not be a problem; instead, it may be a sign of cointegration, which would suggest the use of error correction models.) In certain studies where econometric forecasting models have been developed for international tourism demand, a specific destination tourists cost of living variable is incorporated in the models. Usually, however, the consumer price index in a country is taken to be a proxy for the cost of tourism in that country. In general, this procedure is adopted on the grounds of lack of more suitable data, e.g. an index defined over the basket of goods purchased by tourists, rather than over the usual typical consumer basket (Kliman, 1981, p.490). (In fact, such indices are now published for certain countries and major towns.) Whichever destination price variable is used, it needs to be adjusted by the rate of exchange in order to transform it into origin country currency. Exchange rates are also sometimes used separately to represent tourists living costs. Although they usually appear in addition to either a specific tourists cost of living variable or a consumer price index proxy, they may be the sole representation of tourists living costs. The usual justification for including an exchange rate variable in international tourism demand functions is that consumers are more aware of exchange rates than destination costs of living for tourists, and hence are driven to use exchange rate as a proxy variable (Gray, 1966; Artus, 1970). However, the use of exchange rate alone can be misleading because even though the exchange rate in a destination may become more favourable, this could be counterbalanced by a relatively high inflation rate. Empirical results evaluating the precise form of the tourists cost of living element of the own price variable which should be included in econometric forecasting models indicate that the exchange-rate-adjusted consumer price index (either alone or together with a separate exchange rate variable) is a reasonable proxy for the cost of tourism, but that exchange rate on its own is not an acceptable proxy (Martin and Witt, 1987). Substitute prices: Economic theory suggests that the prices of substitutes may be important determinants of demand. For example, an increase in holiday prices to substitute destination country may increase demand for holidays to another country. Mostly, those substitution possibilities allowed for in international tourism demand studies are restricted to tourists destination living costs. A common form in which substitute prices enter the demand function is to specify the tourists cost of living variable in the form of the destination value relative to the origin value, thus merely permitting substitution between tourist visits to the foreign destination under consideration and domestic tourism. The usual justification for this form of relative price index is that domestic tourism is the most important substitute for foreign tourism. Other studies incorporate substitute prices in a more sophisticated manner; they allow for the impact of competing foreign destinations by specifying the tourists cost of living variable as destination value relative to a weighted average value calculated for a set of alternative destinations, or by specifying a separate weighted average substitute destination cost variable.Just as tourists living costs in substitute destinations are likely to influence the demand for tourism to a given destination, so travel costs to substitute destinations may also be expected to have an impact. Furthermore, if the data are disaggregated by transport mode, then travel cost to the same destination by alternative transport mode(s) would influence tourism demand to a particular destination by a given transport mode. However, although some theoretical attention has been paid to the notion of substitute travel costs in the literature, they rarely feature in tourism demand functions. If a price variable is specified as own price elative to substitute prices, then the variable is listed generally under both own price and substitute prices in Table 1. The only exceptions are the very restrictive cases where the sole substitute destination price considered is the cost of Although travel costs had been considered in over 50% of the studies reviewed by both Crouch and Lim, in recent studies they did not attract as much attention as before, with only 24 studies including this variable. As precise measurements of travel costs were lacking, especially of the aggregate level, proxies such as airfares between the origin and the destination had to be used. However, only in a few cases did the use of proxies result in significant coefficient estimates. Another reason for insignificant effects of travel costs may be related to all inclusive tours where charter flights are often used, and Hence airfares bear little relation to published scheduled fares. The deterministic trend variable describes a steady change format, which is too restrictive to be realistic and may cause serious multicollinearity problems. With this borne in mind, recent studies have been less keen to include it in model specifications. This variable only appeared in 11 reviewed studies. To capture the effects of one-off events, dummy variables have been commonly used. The two oil crises in the 1970s were shown to have the most significant adverse impacts on international tourism demand, followed by the Gulf War in the early 1990s, and the global economic recession in the mid 1980s. Other regional events and origin/destination-specific affairs have also been taken into account in specific studies. It should be noted that no effort has been made to examine the impact of tourism supply in the tourism demand literature, which means that the problem of identification has been ignored. An implicit assumption of this omission is that the tourism sector concerned is assumed to be sufficiently small and the supply elasticity is infinite. To draw more robust conclusions with regard to demand elasticity analysis, however, this condition needs to be carefully examined in future studies. Ferda Halicioglu, (2004) in a paper as: An ARDL Model of International Tourist Flows to Turkey tries to apply a co-integration technique on the international tourist arrivals to Turkey. This study empirically examines aggregate tourism demand function for Turkey using the time series data for the period 1960-2002. The total tourist arrivals into Turkey are related to world income, relative prices and transportation cost. he employ bounds testing co-integration procedure proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) to compute the short and long-run elasticitys of income, price, and transportation cost variables. The empirical results indicate that income is the most significant variable in explaining the total tourist arrivals to Turkey and there exists a stable tourism demand function. Maria M. De Mello et al (2005) in a study A flexible general form of a Dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System (DAIDS) is derived to analyze the UK tourism demand for its geographically proximate neighbors France, Spain and Portugal, in the period 1969-1997. The results show that DAIDS is a data coherent and theoretically consistent model, providing evidence of the robustness of this methodology to conduct tourism demand analysis in a temporal context. Moreover, the dynamic model offers statistically strong evidence on the inadequacy of the orthodox static AIDS and the other restricted models to reconcile consistently data and theory within their formulations. Estimates for tourism price and expenditure elasticitys are obtained, permitting a comparative analysis of the relative magnitudes and statistical relevance of long and short run sensitivity of the UK tourism demand to changes in its determinants. Sara A. Proenca (2005) in Demand for Tourism in Portugal: A Panel Data Approach use a panel data techniques to estimate the demand function of tourism in Portugal by considering four main countries as the basic tourism suppliers, Spain, Germany, France and the U.K., responsible for almost 90% of the total tourism inflows in this country. In the demand function she introduces both the demand factors include per capita income, relative prices and the supply factors (public investment ratio, accommodation capacity) to explain tourism performance in Portugal. The result of the estimation the models shows that per capita income is the most important demand determinant and accommodation capacity the most important supply determinant explaining thus the tourism flow in Portugal and also, the accommodation capacity is the most important factor in attracting more tourism to this country. Vani K. Borooah (1999) in the supply of hotel rooms in Queensland, Australia examines the supply decisions of hotel and motel owners with respect to guest rooms. This study employed an econometric analysis of supply responses in the hotel sector in the three Queensland regions of the Gold Coast, Whitsunday, and Cairns. The result shows that the supply of guest rooms, in all three regions, was strongly responsive to increases in earnings (per occupied room) but was less influenced by increases in the room occupancy rate or by changes in the interest rate. But the relative strengths of earnings and occupancy rates in influencing supply responses may have much to do with the aggregation of individual hotels into a single sector. Also, Increases in earnings might be a generalized phenomenon, affecting all hotels, and thus evoking a strong supply response from the hotel sector. In addition, increases in occupancy rates might be restricted to a subset of hotels, which are at the margin of being capacity- constrained, evoking a weaker response from the sector. Gonzalez and Moral (1995), in a study as the international tourism demand in Spain, try to find a precise indicator to measure the external demand of the tourist sector as one of the main problems in analyzing the potentialities is. They use tourists spending as the dependent variable, defined as the product of three factors: the number of tourists, the length of their stay and the daily average spending. Also About this subject Cunha (2001) argues that the number of entrances is not a good approximation to express tourism demand since it ignores one of the most important aspects in this sector: the demand of goods and services that tourists require during their permanence. Mello and Sinclair (2002), alternatively, use the share of tourism spending of the origin country to other destination countries to study tourism demand in the U.K. The authors argue that this variable captures the consumption behavior of the tourists and explains the spending component of this economic activity. It is possible to observe an increase in the tourism inflow accompanied by a reduction in spending explained by higher domestic inflation and shorter length of stay. For this reason the expenditure approach is preferable to the inflows approach to study the demand for tourism behavior from the point of view of the hosting country. Rodriguez and Ibanez (2001) use the number of visitors lodged in the destination country as the dependent variable to study the demand for tourism in a panel data approach. The choice of this variable to express tourism demand (in comparison with the number of tourist entrances) has the advantage to consider the length of the stay and to exclude to urists that are hosted to family or friends houses. According to the literature review, the most appropriate variable to be used as the dependent variable in the demand for tourism equation is tourism receipts from the point of view of the receiving country or tourism spending from the point of view of the supplying country (Tse, 1999; Lathiras and Siriopoulos, 1998). However, according to Crouch and Shaw (1992), almost 70% of the studies that estimated tourism demand functions have used the number of visitors (entrances) as the dependent variable (Quiand Zhand, 1995; Morris, Wilson and Bakalis, 1995; Kulendran, 1996; Akis, 1998). The main reason for this choice has been the unavailability of data on tourism spending. Naude ,W.A. A. Saayman (2004) in a paper about determination of tourism arrivals in Africa use cross-section and panel data for the period 1996 to 2000 to identify the determinants of tourism arrivals in 43 African countries, taking into account the country of origin of tourists. The results suggest that political stability, tourism infrastructure, marketing and information and the level of development in the destination are key determinants of travel to Africa. Typical developed country determinants of tourism demand, such as the level of income in the origin country, the cost of travel and the relative prices, are not that significant in explaining the demand for Africa as a tourism destination. They are recommended that attention should be given to improving the overall stability of the continent and the availability and quantity of tourism infrastructure. ONeil Malcolm (2003) in study about Tourism Maturity and Demand in Jamaica estimates a demand function for Jamaicas tourist product. An error correction model (ECM), structural time model (STM) and an autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) model were employed. The ECM was more robust than the ARIMA and STM models in predicting tourism demand. The ECM and ARIMA models captured the major turning points in the series well and provided reasonably good forecasts. In contrast to the findings of Henry and Longmore (2002), the results indicate that source country income is significant. The explanatory power of the ECM improved with the inclusion of the tourism density ratio, implying that researchers should include inter-action factors in tourism demand models. The empirical analysis indicates that Jamaica has a mature tourism product. The empirical analysis indicates that tourism demand is predominantly explained by income in source country. The absolute price, relative price and exchange ra te have very marginal, and in most cases no significant impact on tourism demand. The finding also suggests that Jamaica is a maturing destination for the USA and UK markets. Of the three models estimated the ECM was the most appropriate in explaining tourism demand. It was found that the inclusion of the tourist density ratio in the regression improved the explanatory power of the model. The unit price of the service was found to be insignificant. Smith, S. L. J. (1995) describes the challenges with describing and defining tourism. Particularly, it focuses on defining tourism as a demand-side concept from the perspective of the person taking the trip or supply-side from the perspective of the business supplying the tourism product or service. On the demand-side tourism can be classified by length of stay, type of expenditure, type of traveler, type of trip, transport mode or accommodation type. On the supply-side, the tourism industry can be classified first by whether the business and secondly by the type of tourism product such as passenger air transport, camping, recreation and entertainment. Empirical Study in Tourism Tax Base on Gooroochurn and Sinclair (2005) study that tourism taxes are welfare-enhancing since the destination country can transfer the tax to foreign tourists. They found that tax on tourism was more efficient and equitable than levying tax on other sectors in country. However, gosling peetersceron and dubois (2005) argue that destinations adopting eco-taxes on tourism may possibly suffer from welfare loss. Similarly, Jensen and Wanhill, (2002) suspect that worldwide increases in both numbers and rates of tourism taxes in recent years are not welfare-enhancing, since governments seem to consider tourism taxes as easy money, giving them license to deviate from economic rationality. The past literature includes a number of studies on the impact of tourism taxes on destinations welfare, often with controversial findings (Bird, 1992;  Clark and Ng, 1993;  Dimanche, 2003;  Forsyth and Dwyer, 2002;  Gago, Labandeira, Picos, and Rodriguez, 2009; Levine, 2003;  Litvin, Crotts, Black well, and Styles, 2006;  Mak, 1988;  Mayor and Tol, 2007;  Palmer and Riera 2003;  Ã‚  Piga, 2003). According to Corey Gerant Mathews, (2004), several sources suggest that reductions or the elimination of tourism marketing have a negative effect on travel to and revenues of the target country, On the other hand, several evidence suggest that tourism tax could support other plans in the destination country; such as: education, transportation, life guarding, zoos, and other programs and services that would also draw additional tourists to the area. Mak and Nishimura (1979) drew a conclusion in which they estimated the influence of a hotel room tax on Hawaiis tourist industry using single equation estimation approaches. They utilized cross section data on individual visitor parties, had collected by Hawaii Visitors Bureau (HBV) in 1974. Like cross section demand studies, that study was detracted from by the difficulty and imprecision in measurement of the prices.A similar conclusion was reached by Bonham, Carl and Byron Gangnes (1996) in Intervention Analysis with Co-integrated Time Series: The Case of the Hawaii Hotel Room Tax. In this article, they analyzed an intervention of a room tax levied by the state of Hawaii in 1987. In that study room tax was found not to have a noticeable statistically significant contribution to room revenues. They analyzed the ex-post effect of the room tax on revenues using a time series econometrics framework. Hailin Qu, Peng Xu, Amy Tan (2004) in a paper as A simultaneous equations model of the hotel room supply and demand in Hong Kong use a system of include demand and supply equations to identify the important factors that influence the hotel room supply and demand, and their overall impact on the Hong Kong hotel industry. In the model of tourism supply they used average hotel room rate as dependent variable. They employed 19 years of time series data in simultaneous equations econometric framework. The result of estimation of model show that the overall goodness-of-fit of both demand and supply models is very high, suggesting high predictive power. More ever, Empirical results indicate that hotel room price and tourist arrivals are significant factors driving the demand for hotel rooms. In addition, 1990-91 recession and the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis had a significant negative impact on the demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong. At the same time, hotel room quantity demanded, room occupancy rate, last periods room price, labor cost, last periods average price of Grade A private offices, and the Asian financial crisis had a significant impact on room price in the short run. H. Tsai et al,(2006) in Examining the hotel room supply and demand in Las Vegas: A simultaneous equations model try to identify the important factors that influence the hotel room supply and demand, in Las Vegas employing econometric variables in a simultaneous framework during 1992-1999. In the model of tourism supply they used average hotel room rate as dependent variable. The results show that room rate for the current month, the 3-month Treasury bill rate and gaming revenue per room for the 12-month prior are the three determinants of the room supply function, while consumer price index for the current month is the only determinant of the room demand function. This study also employs the 2SLS technique, but tests different econometric variables in the Las Vegas context. At the beginning they modeled the empirical treatment of hotel room revenues employing a variant of the multi-input transfer function methodology developed by Box and Jenkins (Box, Jenkins and Reinsel,1994).They method extends the rudimentary transfer function model to include long term co-integration relationships between room revenues and major explanatory variables. Once an appropriate pre-intervention model has been identified, it is applied to the post-intervention sample. they model appears to provide strong evidence against any significant permanent effect of the room tax on either the level or growth rate of after-tax hotel room revenues and this is not a surprising conclusion. As Bonham et al. (1992) indicated, a rise of 5% in room rates is less than 1.5% of the total cost of a typical Hawaiian vacation. Therefore, noticeable adjustments to room demand are improbable. The tax is invisible to the tourist when planning a Vacation as the tax is added to room bills on checkout. Hawaii was not was not imposing or rising room tax during the period of time. The Undesirable adverse effect of Hawaiis tax on competitiveness would decrease to the extent that taxes were increasing in competing markets. John O. Spengler and Muzaffer Uysal(1989) in a study as: considerations in the hotel taxation process try to analysis the tax on hotel room. This paper is intended to put the notion of hotel taxation into perspective providing a framework of elements which tax experts and hospitality speci9lists deem important. Included tax elements consist of economic considerations, tax incidence, tax progressivity and equity, and tax exportability. These elements are also examined as part of.a process under conditions of inelastic and elastic demand. Finally, a brief discussion of taxation policy implications was provided. Given the importance .of the hotel tax to members of the tourism industry and policy makers, a synthesis of the key variables which influence the taxation process is paramount. This paper has explored these variables individually and in combination.It is hoped that this effort has furthered a better understanding of the hotel taxation process. This understanding, however, should be backed by reliable and relevant research. In specific, research should be conducted which addresses the First, the demand supply elasticitys for visitor destinations should be studied. Findings from this line of study will determine in general whether it is the visitor or the hotelier who bears the greater burden of the tax. This will. Provide answers to the question of tax incidence. Second, research should address questions relating to the income characteristics of visitors, the proportion of business travelers to tourists, and the economic consequences of the tax for tour operators, meeting planners and corporations. These questions concern the concept of tax equity and progressivity. Third, research is suggested regarding the exportability of a hotel tax. Studies addressing the percentage of hoteliers and employees who are local residents, and the percentage of hotel guests who are residents of the local community would be relevant. Last, questions concerning the use of funds derived from the tax must be answered. Resear ch should address whether funds used in the past for promotion and upgrading visitor attractions have increased visitor demand. In addition, the most appropriate and efficient use of funds should be addressed. With sufficient information supplied by research, and adherence to general guidelines in policy formation, legislators will be better able to make just and rational decisions concerning the hotel tax.E. Aguilo! et al. (2005) in a study as The short-term price effect of a tourist tax through a dynamic demand model for the Balearic Islands. The objective of this paper is to identify the markets sensitivity to price changes in travel-related services or groups of services, assuming that one of the main factors that influences travel decisions is the information on the destination that consumers receive. In order to include this effect, the study applies a combination of a diffusion model and a traditional economic utility theory model to tourists visiting the Balearic Islands · (Spain) from the United Kingdom, Germany, France and the Netherlands. The result shows that The effect of the tourist tax on tourism supplies has not been assessed. Richard M. bird (1992) in Taxing Tourism in Developing Countries show that in principle there is a strong economic case in many, countries for taxing tourism more than at present, but that the nature of the industry and administrative difficulties severely limit what can be done in practice. This analysis and a review of the fiscal instruments available to most developing countries suggest three main conclusions: first, more attention should be paid to introducing adequate charging Policies where possible: second, special taxes on hotel accommodation are generally the key to tourist taxation; and third, there is little reason to provide special incentives for investment in the tourist industry. According to Bonham, Carl and Byron Gangnes (1996) in Intervention Analysis with Co integrated Time Series: The Case of the Hawaii Hotel Room Tax. Room taxes are touted by proponents as a way to shift the local. tax burden to non-residents, while the travel industry claims the levies significantly harm their competitiveness. In this study, they analyze the effect on hotel revenues of the Hawaii room tax using time ·series intervention analysis. They specify a time series models of revenue behavior that captures the long-term co-integrating relationships among revenues and important income and relative price variables, as well as · other short-run dynamic influences. They also, estimate the effect on Hawaii hotel room revenues of the 5% Hawaii hotel room tax introduce d. in January 1987. The result show that no evidence of statistically significant tax impacts. · Fujii, Edwin, Mohammed Khaled and James Mak (1985) in a paper as The Exportability of Hotel Occupancy and Other Tourist Taxes attempt to examine the incidence and exportability of an ad valorem hotel room occupancy tax for Hawaii vis-a-vis alternative tourist taxes. The study employs a system approach and times series data (1961-1980. Results indicate that a hotel room tax is readily, though not fully, shifted/exported. It is more readily exported than similar taxes levied on excise/sales tax, since taxes levied on non-lodging expenditures also fall heavily on residents. Results also suggest that taxes imposed on tourist spending have a moderately large negative output effect on the visitor industry. Hiemstra, Stephen J. and Joseph A. Ismail (1992) In their study as Analysis of Room Taxes Levied on the Lodging Industry try to summarize a study of the impacts of room taxes on the lodging industry by (1) reporting the findings of Phase 1I of an overall study assessing the negative impacts on number of rooms rented of room taxes levied on the lodging industry, and (2) applying the price elasticity of market demand found inst~p 1 to the average amounts of room taxes paid, as measured in Phase I of the overall study. The elasticity measurement comes from a statistical model based on data from a national pro